智能写作-最全英文论文写作引用格式

编辑:pitaya02        日期:2020-12-05

有许多引用格式用于英文学术写作,有些学校或学院会指定首选的引用格式。但是不管哪种形式,对于留学的小伙伴们来说都是比较陌生的。今日小编就为您献上,史上最详细的英文论文引用格式!还提供了模板供大家参考哦!火龙果智能写作

英语国家现在最常用的引文系统有以下几种:

新人奖(广泛应用于澳洲和英国)

奇卡戈·西斯特姆(简略版称为图拉比格式)

Modern Language Association of America (MLA)

American Psychological Association (APA)

American Medical Association (AMA)

英语论文参考格式- APA

所谓 APA格式,是指美国心理学协会(American Psychological Association,简称 APA)出版的出版物指南。

这本书发源于1929年,至今已更新到第六版,共400多页,详细地阐述了文章的页面格式(行距、字体、字号、页边距等)、图表表格\参考文献等,非常全面。

主要应用于心理学、教育学和社会科学等领域。它的规范格式主要包括两大部分:文内文献引用(Reference Citations in Text)和文末引用(Reference List)。

APA格式着重于出版物的年代(时间 of the Publication Year),对原著作者的名字并不重视。引用常常把出版年代放在作者缩写名(the Initial of Author’s First Name)之前。火龙果智能写作

Reference Citations in Text的文献引用

单作者

格式化应该是“(作者姓氏(非首字母),出版年份)”。如果文章已经提到了作者的名字,只要标明年份(如果需要可以加上页数),那么仍然要用括号。多重作者以上是合理的。

A recent study found a possible genetic cause of alcoholism (Pauling, 2005). Pauling (2005) discovered a possible genetic cause of alcoholism.

二人作者

作家的姓必须按照他的名字在他发表文章中的顺序排列。如果括号中有两个作者的引用,则需要在名字的中间加上“&”符号;如果括号中没有,则使用“and”。

A recent study found a possible genetic cause of alcoholism (Pauling & Liu, 2005). Pauling and Liu (2005) discovered a possible genetic cause of alcoholism.火龙果智能写作

三到五位作者

首次引用时请列出所有作者,往后如果引用同一文献,只需列出第一作者,并加上" et al."。但在参考文献部分,必须把所有作者的名字都列出。

A recent study found a possible genetic cause of alcoholism (Pauling, Liu, & Guo, 2005). Pauling, Liu, and Guo (2005) conducted a study that discovered a possible genetic cause of alcoholism. Pauling et al. (2005) discovered a possible genetic cause of alcoholism. A recent study found a possible genetic cause of alcoholism (Pauling et al., 2005).

以上六名作者

只需列出第一个作者,格式应为"(作者 et al.,年份)"。所有作者的名字必须在参考文献部分列出,以供参考。

Pauling et al. (2005) discovered a possible genetic cause of alcoholism.

同一作者的多篇文献火龙果智能写作

如果一个作者有多篇你想要引用的文献,只需用逗号分隔出作品的出版年份(按顺序从早到晚)。如果在同一年内发表了多篇文献,请在年份后加上 a, b, c…等标记。(根据: abc的用法需要与参考文献部分相对应,而参考文献的编排是根据书名的字母来确定的。)

A recent study found a possible genetic cause of alcoholism (Pauling, 2004, 2005a, 2005b). Pauling (2004, 2005a, 2005b) conducted a study that discovered a possible genetic cause of alcoholism

众多文献,众多作者

按照前一规则,用分号分隔。首先根据作者姓氏的字母排序,然后是出版年份。

A recent study found a possible genetic cause of alcoholism (Alford, 1995; Pauling, 2004, 2005; Sirkis, 2003)

直接引用

和前面的格式一样,也是"(作者、年份、页数)"。

When asked why his behavior had changed so dramatically, Max simply said “I think it’s the reinforcement” (Pauling, 2004, p. 69).

引用引用(引用列表)

《参考文献》部分规定, APA格式规定,各部分的名字必须按照姓氏(Family name)字母顺序排列,包括名字前缀(first name)。

单人创作的书籍:

Sheril, R. D. (1956). The terrifying future: Contemplating color television. San Diego: Halstead.

多于两个作者共同撰写的书:

Smith, J., & Peter, Q. (1992). Hairball: An intensive peek behind the surface of an enigma. Hamilton, ON: McMaster University Press.

集合中的文章:

Mcdonalds, A. (1993). Practical methods for the apprehension and sustained containment of supernatural entities. In G. L. Yeager (Ed.), Paranormal and occult studies: Case studies in application (pp. 42–64). London: OtherWorld Books.

杂志上的文章(连续页码):

Crackton, P. (1987). The Loonie: God’s long-awaited gift to colourful pocket change? Canadian Change, 64(7), 34–37.

杂志上的文章(不连贯):

Rottweiler, F. T., & Beauchemin, J. L. (1987). Detroit and Narnia: Two foes on the brink of destruction. Canadian/American Studies Journal, 54, 66–146.

每月杂志上的文章:

Henry, W. A., III. (1990, April 9). Making the grade in today’s schools. Time, 135, 28-31.

报上的文章:

Wrong, M. (2005, August 17). Misquotes are “Problematastic” says Mayor. Toronto Sol. p. 4.

国家官方文献:

Revenue Canada. (2001). Advanced gouging: Manual for employees (MP 65–347/1124). Ottawa: Minister of Immigration and Revenue.

在 APA格式的网站上,有针对电子文献、网站和在线文章的一些基本规则,首先是提供读者详细的文献内容来源,其次是提供有效的参考来源。

印刷版的网络文章

Marlowe, P., Spade, S., & Chan, C. (2001). Detective work and the benefits of colour versus black and white [Electronic version].Journal of Pointless Research, 11,123–124.

网络期刊文章(仅网络版期刊)

Blofeld, E. S. (1994, March 1). Expressing oneself through Persian cats and modern architecture.Felines & Felons, 4,Article 0046g. Retrieved October 3, 1999, from 火龙果智能写作

一篇电子短消息(新闻)文章

Paradise, S., Moriarty, D., Marx, C., Lee, O. B., Hassel, E., et al. (1957, July). Portrayals of fictional characters in reality-based popular writing: Project update.Off the beaten path, 7(3). Retrieved October 3, 1999, from 火龙果智能写作

线上文献(无作者及出版日期)

What I did today.(n.d.). Retrieved August 21, 2002, from 火龙果智能写作

通过大学课程或系内网站获得的文献

Rogers, B. (2078).Faster-than-light travel: What we’ve learned in the first twenty years.Retrieved August 24, 2079, from Mars University, Institute for Martian Studies Web site: 火龙果智能写作

检索到的期刊文章的电子拷贝版(3-5位作者)

Costanza, G., Seinfeld, J., Benes, E., Kramer, C., & Peterman, J. (1993). Minutiæ and insignificant observations from the nineteen-nineties.Journal about Nothing, 52,475–649. Retrieved October 31, 1999, from NoTHINGJournals database.

电邮或其他个人通讯(文字限制)

(A. Monterey, personal communication, September 28, 2001).

存储光盘的图书

Nix, G. (2002). Lirael, Daughter of the Clayr [CD]。New York: Random House/Listening Library.

存放在磁带中的书

Nix, G. (2002). Lirael, Daughter of the Clayr [Cassette Recording No. 1999-1999-1999]。New York: Random House/Listening Library.

英语论文参考格式- MLA

Modern Language Association的简称,是美国现代语言协会制定的一种论文指导格式,也是北美大学英文论文最常用的参考格式之一,现已出版第8版。MLA论文格式与 APA、 CMS等格式相比更严谨,更常用。

文学论文通常采用 MLA格式。

MLA文库中的引用与 Harvard文库格式和 APA文库格式有很大不同, MLA文库使用的是“作者姓名+页码”组合,例如:

Wordsworth stated that Romantic poetry was marked by a “spontaneous overflow of powerful feelings” (263).

Romantic poetry is characterized by the “spontaneous overflow of powerful feelings” (Wordsworth 263).

如所引资料有多位作者(超过三人),则 MLA格式需使用“et al.”的缩略形式:

引用作者人数未超过三人:The authors claim that surface reading looks at what is “evident, perceptible, apprehensible in texts” (Best and Marcus 9).

Best and Marcus argue that one should read a text for what it says on its surface, rather than looking for some hidden meaning (9).

引用作者人数超过三人:According to Franck et al, “Current agricultural policies in the U.S. are contributing to the poor health of Americans” (327).

The authors claim that one cause of obesity in the United States is government-funded farm subsidies (Franck et al. 327).

如对同一作者的不同文献进行引用,则需要在文中引用中加上文献名。

同一位作者的文章:

Lightenor has argued that computers are not useful tools for small children (“Too Soon” 38), though he has acknowledged elsewhere that early exposure to computer games does lead to better small motor skill development in a child’s second and third year (“Hand-Eye Development” 17).火龙果智能写作

同一位作家的两本:

Murray states that writing is “a process” that “varies with our thinking style” (Write to Learn 6). Additionally, Murray argues that the purpose of writing is to “carry ideas and information from the mind of one person into the mind of another” (A Writer Teaches Writing 3).

就 MLA参考文献格式而言,主要有两类文献, Print (书籍和期刊)和 Web (网页引用),它们必须在文本末尾的 Works Cited中加以标注。此外,每个引用项还需要以行缩进的形式出现。火龙果智能写作

图书参考

Last Name, First Name. Title of Book. City of Publication, Publisher, Publication Date.

例子:

Gleick, James. Chaos: Making a New Science. Penguin, 1987.

Wysocki, Anne Frances, et al. Writing New Media: Theory and Applications for Expanding the Teaching of Composition. Utah State UP, 2004.火龙果智能写作

刊物引用

Author(s). “Title of Article.” Title of Journal, Volume, Issue, Year, pages.

例子:

Bagchi, Alaknanda. “Conflicting Nationalisms: The Voice of the Subaltern in Mahasweta Devi’s Bashai Tudu.” Tulsa Studies in Women’s Literature, vol. 15, no. 1, 1996, pp. 41-50.

Web参考

Editor, author, or compiler name (if available). Name of Site. Version number, Name of institution/organization affiliated with the site (sponsor or publisher), date of resource creation (if available), URL, DOI or permalink. Date of access (if applicable).

例子:

Felluga, Dino. Guide to Literary and Critical Theory. Purdue U, 28 Nov. 2003, www.cla.purdue.edu/english/theory/. Accessed 10 May 2006.

Lundman, Susan. “How to Make Vegetarian Chili.” eHow, www.ehow.com/how_10727_make-vegetarian-chili.html. Accessed 6 July 2015.

最终,我们需要再次提醒您, MLA格式于2016年4月更新为第八版。各位使用 MLA参考格式时,一定要确定老师要求的格式版本。

下一步,我们将为您介绍 MLA格式第八版的新要求。

同意用作者的别名代替其真实姓名。火龙果智能写作

比如:

@WSJ. “Generation X went from the most successful in terms of homeownership rates in 2004 to the least successful by 2015.” Twitter, 8 Apr. 2016, 4:30 p.m., twitter.com/WSJ/status/718532887830753280

引述期刊时,应加上 vol.和 no.,以表示期刊数和期刊页码。

MLA8 th参考期刊

Kincaid, Jamaica. “In History.” Callaloo, vol. 24, no. 2, Spring 2001, pp. 620-26.

7 th引文期刊

Kinkaid, Jamaica. “In History.” Callaloo 24.2 (Spring 2001): 620-26. Web.

参考网络信息时,必须包含站点链接。以前的 MLA格式要求,网站链接没有明确的规定。但 MLA的第8版明确指出,需要包含站点链接。甚至在更新网站信息时,读者也可以通过链接找到相关信息。请注意,引用 URL时不一定要包含' http://'或' https://'。

当参考期刊或网站时,出版信息可以被忽略。

第八版 MLA在引用书籍时,省略了出版城市。仅当不同国家/地区发布的版本不同时,才需要在引文中注明发布城市。火龙果智能写作

MLA8 th图书引述

Jacobs, Alan. The Pleasures of Reading in an Age of Distraction. Oxford UP, 2011.

7 th书目引述

Jacobs, Alan. The Pleasures of Reading in an Age of Distraction. Oxford: Oxford UP, 2011. Print.

报告参考格式— Chicago格式

由芝加哥大学出版社于1906年首次发行的 Chicago格式,现已更新为第17版。它被广泛地应用在书籍,杂志,报纸和人文学科领域中。

这种格式的标准是《芝加哥引用格式使用指南》(The Chicago Manual of Style)。还有许多学者参考了 Kate Turabian (Kate Turabian)所著《学期、学位、学术论文写作指南》(A Manual for Writers of Term Papers, Theses, and Dissertations)。

Turabian格式实际上可以理解为芝加哥格式的一个简化版本。

事实上, Chicago Style有两种形式,第一种是脚注,这种脚注经常被用在文学、历史和艺术等人文学科中。另外一种形式是引用自作者和引用年份。

这一形式通常出现在自然科学领域,例如历史,自然学科和社会科学领域。脚注的第一种形式更常见,所以我们在这里详细讨论。

一、书本

脚注格式:

First name Last name, Title of Book (Place of publication: Publisher, Year of publication), page number.

例子:火龙果智能写作

Jack Kerouac, The Dharma Bums (New York: Viking Press, 1958), 128.

Scott Lash and John Urry, Economies of Signs & Space (London: Sage Publications, 1994), 241-51.

在应文尾引用格式:

Last name, First name. Title of Book. Place of publication: Publisher, Year of publication.

范例:Kerouac, Jack. The Dharma Bums. New York: Viking Press, 1958.

Lash, Scott, and John Urry. Economies of Signs & Space. London: Sage Publications, 1994.

二、期刊文章

例子:

Susan Peck MacDonald, “The Erasure of Language,” College Composition and Communication 58, no. 4 (2007): 619.

在应文尾引用格式:

Last name, First name. “Article Title.” Journal Title volume, no. issue (year of

publication). Page-page.

例子:

MacDonald, Susan Peck. “The Erasure of Language.” College Composition and Communication 58, no. 4 (2007): 585-625.

三、网页参考

脚注格式:

例子:

在应文尾引用格式:

Last name, First name. “Article Title.” Website Title. Month Date, Year of publication. Publication/Updated Month Date, Year OR Accessed Month Date, Year of access. URL.

例子:

Limer, Eric. “Heck Yes! The First Free Wireless Plan is Finally Here.” Gizmodo. October 1, 2013. //gizmodo.com/heck-yes-the-first-free-wireless-plan-is-finally-here-1429566597

报告参考格式—哈沃德格式

哈沃德,顾名思义,是哈佛大学论文参考标准,全名:哈佛注释体系(Harvard System)。特别是在物理学和自然科学领域,在英国和澳洲等国家的应用更为广泛。

按照 Harvard系统,每一条引文,不管是直接的还是间接的,都应该在两个地方分别说明:在文中引用处说明;在整部书的最后一个书目(bibliography)中说明。

有两种形式的哈佛格式,Author-Date系统和脚注系统。在这些系统中,Author-Date更常见,所以我们在这里详细讨论。

内部参考资料

论文引用通常包括作者的名字(只有姓)和发表日期。这些信息通常包含在本文中参考章节后面的括号中。

Gatsby’s infatuation with Daisy is often revealed in the story, often in simple phrases such as, “… he turned toward her with a rush of emotion” (Fitzgerald, 2004).

若原文中已有原著作者的名字,仅需在括号中注明出版年。

Fitzgerald’s use of “old sport” throughout the novel suggests that Gatsby considered Nick Carraway a close friend (2004).

在直接引用或引用某一页面具体内容的情况下,我们还需要提供具体页码,以便读者能够找到引用部分所在的具体位置。

Knapper and Cropley (1991: p. 44) believe that the willingness of adults to learn is affected by their attitudes, values and self-image and that their capacity to learn depends greatly on their study skills.

如作者为二人或三人,则需列出所有作者的姓氏。在多作者的情况下,通常会给出第一个作者的姓氏,然后再加上 et al。

“A range of values can express emotion, too. Stark, high-contrast drawings may carry a strong emotional charge” (Lazzari and Schleiser, 2011).

“Rather than constantly seeking approval from others, try to seek approval from the person who matters the most – yourself” (Bardes, Shelley and Schmidt, 2011).

Potter et al. (2013) go on to explain that “among the most Catholic Filipinos, parents keep the newborn inside the home until after the baptism to ensure the baby’s health and protection.”

对像讲座这样的口头报告类文献来说,参考格式通常与发表的文章完全一样,并且应该提供发言者的名字和演讲日期。

Recent research on the origins of early man has challenged the views expressed in many of the standard textbooks (Barker, 1996).

如所引述的观点或信息为个人谈话,如与讲师或导师的讨论,引述方式如下:

The experience of the Student Learning Centre at Leicester is that many students are anxious to improve their writing skills, and are keen to seek help and guidance (Maria Lorenzini, pers. comm.).

pers.comm.'是 personal communication的缩写,我们把它标成引用,这样就不需要额外的信息了。火龙果智能写作

当找不到作者信息时,只需在括号内加上文本标题。

Lisa wasn’t scared, she was simply shocked and caught off guard to notice her father in such a peculiar place (Lost Spaces, 2014).

参考书列表

当采用哈佛格式时,所有被引用的参考文献都必须包含出版物的完整细节,并且按照作者姓名的字母顺序排列。同一作者如有多篇文献,按日期顺序排列;如为同一年份的著作,按书名的字母顺序排列,并用字母(a, b, c)放在文中引语括号内(a, b, c)。

图书参考

Last name, First initial. (Year published). Title. Edition. (Only include the edition if it is not the first edition) City published: Publisher, Page(s).

例子:

Dahl, R. (2004). Charlie and the chocolate factory. 6th ed. New York: Knopf.

Vermaat, M., Sebok, S., Freund, S., Campbell, J. and Frydenberg, M. (2014). Discovering Computers. Boston: Cengage Learning, pp.446-448.

可见所引用的文献资料应包括:

双作者的姓名或缩略语;出版日期;书名;出版地点;出版商的名称。

请注意标题要用斜体。如果被引述的书有多个作者,则应在文献列表中列出所有作者的名字。此需要与文内引用作用的范围分开。火龙果智能写作

刊物文章

Last name, First initial. (Year published). Article title. Journal, Volume (Issue), Page(s).

例子:

Ross, N. (2015). On Truth Content and False Consciousness in Adorno’s Aesthetic Theory. Philosophy Today, 59(2), pp. 269-290.

Dismuke, C. and Egede, L. (2015). The Impact of Cognitive, Social and Physical Limitations on Income in Community Dwelling Adults With Chronic Medical and Mental Disorders. Global Journal of Health Science, 7(5), pp. 183-195.

这就要求期刊必须包括名称和期刊号,而不必包括出版商和出版地。同样,用斜体写的应该是书名和期刊名,而非文章的标题。火龙果智能写作

Web参考

因特网日益成为信息的来源,参考因特网资源和参考印刷资源一样重要。相对于印刷品资源,因特网上的信息变化很快,网址有时甚至会变得不可访问。

所以,当引用网页时,我们需要包括网页作者(可能是个人、团体或组织)、网页出版日期(大多数日期都在网页底部)、标题、火龙果智能写作和访问日期。

Last name, First initial (Year published). Page title. [online] Website name. Available at: URL [Accessed Day Mo. Year].

如未列出网页作者,则采用下列格式:

Website name, (Year published). Page title. [online] Available at: URL [Accessed Day Mo. Year].

例子:

Messer, L. (2015). ‘Fancy Nancy’ Optioned by Disney Junior. [online] ABC News. Available at: http://abcnews.go.com/Entertainment/fancy-nancy-optioned-disney-junior-2017/story?id=29942496#.VRWbWJwmbs0.twitter [Accessed 31 Mar. 2015].火龙果智能写作



 

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