语法检测-实用性语法：复杂定语从句的翻译
编辑：pitaya02 日期：2020-11-04
“复合定语从句”是指一句包含两个或更多定语从句的结构。这种定语从句在结构上与先行词的关系比较复杂，主要表现为：
一、自由定语从句
自由定语从句是指一句中有两个或两个以上不同成分的定语从句。此结构中的定语从句是自由定语从句，因为其先决条件不固定，在句中起着不同的句子成分作用。他们分开看，实际上是一个简单的定语从句，所以，他们的翻译也和简单的定语从句一样。例如：
Thus the Arab Umayyed dynasty of caliphs, which had moved the capital
from Medine to Damascus in 661, came to be regarded with much justification
as a parasitic clique that had outlived its usefulness once the conquests
were completed.火龙果智能语法检测
现在已经有足够的理由相信，阿拉伯伍麦叶里发王朝在征服战争结束之后是一个没有任何用处的寄生国家；伍麦叶王朝曾经在661年从麦地那迁都大马士革。
在这个句子中， which和 that引出两个定语从句，分别修饰作为主语使用的 the Arab Umayed dynasty of caliphs
a parasitic clique，作为宾语使用，翻译时一个被译成并列句，另一个被译成定语。
二、嵌套定语从句
嵌套定语从句是指一句话中的定语从句套定语从句。这一结构中的定语从句实际上与自由式定语从句基本相似，拆开来也是一种独立的定语从句，只是其中一种在另一种内部。所以它的翻译和简单定语从句一样。在此，我们只举一个例子来说明：
Likewise in the east were the Seljuk Turks who had infiltrated from their Central asinan homeland into the Islamic Empire where they were employed as mercenaries by the Baghdad caliphs.火龙果智能语法检测
类似地，在东方，塞尔柱突厥人也是从家乡中亚进入伊斯兰教帝国的，他们在巴格达哈里发受雇为雇佣军。
这个句子有两个定语从句，即在 who引出的定语从句中，由 where引出的定语从句的组合。译文可以采用简单定语从句的翻译方法。这两个句子在这里都被翻译成并列句，分别修饰了先行词 the Seljuk Turks和 the Islamic Empire。
3.定语从句的并列式
平行定语从句是指在一个句子中两个或两个以上的并列成分都带有定语从句的情况下，定语从句的简称。作者发表在《中国翻译》(96.1)上的文章《英语中的并列成分中定语从句的汉译》中有介绍。在此补充一点，这种定语从句也可以翻译为状语从句，即先将主句翻译为定语从句，然后将其翻译为表示并列或转换关系的两个状语从句。火龙果智能语法检测
This was a defensive pact, designed to protect Germany against the French, who aspired to recover the alsace-Lorraine provinces lost in 1871, and also to protect Austria-hungary against the Russians, with whom they continually clashed in the Balkans.
它是一项防御条约，目的是保护德国人不受法国人的袭击，奥匈帝国不受俄国人的袭击；因为法国人想要恢复1871年失去的阿尔萨斯-洛林地区，而俄国人则在巴尔干半岛与奥匈帝国接连不断地发生冲突。
四、一主二仆定语从句
主仆二定语从句是指一个先决条件词含有两个或两个以上定语从句的情形。这种结构中的定语从句都是比较规范的，都修饰一个先决条件词，在翻译中，虽然也遵循一般定语从句的翻译技巧和方法，但也有其独到之处。总的来说，可分为以下几种情况：
(1)定语翻译可以将两个定语从句翻译为并列的定语，也可以用分开的定语修饰先地词，或者分别修饰重复的先行词。
… and the old ways of earning a living rivalled by new agricultural techniques,by commerce with hitherto unknown parts of the globe, and by new crafts with strane machines that saved labor and that ran without the traditional human or animal power
…新的农业技术、新的贸易、新的工业正在向旧的谋生方式提出挑战；这种新的贸易是与世界上一向不为人所知的地区进行的贸易，而新的工业则是利用一些不用传统人力和畜力，却能节省劳动力的奇特机会。(并排定语)火龙果智能语法检测
Almost everything which really matters and which the world possessed at the commencement of the modern age was lready known to man at the dawn of history.
近代历史伊始，世界所取得的每一项重大成就，都被历史发端期的人们所熟知。(单独定语)
And it helps to explain why so many inventions that were of Chinese origin or that had been known to the Greco-Romans, were fully developed and exploited ony by the Western Europeans.
这也说明了为什么很多起源于中国的发明以及希腊罗马人所知道的发明，都是在西欧人手中才得到充分开发和充分利用。(单独定语修饰重复前缀)
(2)翻译成并列句时，可将两个定语从句简单翻译为一个并列句，也可将其翻译为两个独立的并列句，用于表示诸如并列、转换或顺序等关系：
Consequently the manor was a self-sufficient vilage that was worked by serfs who were not free to leave, and who with their labor supported a hierarchy of lay and clerical lords.
于是，采邑就成了农奴自给自足的小村庄，农奴不能随意地离开，用他们的劳动来供养那些教俗的封建集团。(并列句)火龙果智能语法检测
Not Surprisingly, the most complex political structures appeared in the Sudan, where long distance trade was most highly developed and where Islamic influence was the strongest.
不出所料，苏丹出现了最复杂的政治组织，长时间的贸易发展最快，伊斯兰教的影响力也最大。(双并列句)
Our aim is to establish in Ghana a strong and progressive society … where poverty and illiteracy no longer exist and disease is brought under control; and where our educational facilities provide all the children of Ghana with the best possible opportunities for the development of their potentialities.火龙果智能语法检测
在加纳，我们的目标是建设一个强大而进步的社会…贫穷和文盲在这里已不复存在，疾病已得到控制；在加纳，我们的教育机构为所有儿童提供了最好的发展潜能的机会。(表示并列关系的两个并列句)
This hope was nurtured by the great victories won by Genghis Khan"s grandson, Hulagu, who was a Buddhist, and whose wife was a Christian.
旭烈兀的孙子，成吉思汗的伟大胜利，给人们带来了希望。旭烈兀是佛教徒，他的妻子则是基督徒。(表示转换关系的两个并列句)
其他译法这种定语小句除了上述两种常规、固定的译法之外，还有几种更为灵活的译法。在翻译简单定语从句时，可以综合运用以下方法：一是将其翻译为定语+句式成分，即将一个从句翻译为定语，另一个从句翻译为句式成分；二是将其翻译为并列句(或句式成分)+状语从句，即将一个从句翻译为并列句或句式成分，另一个从句翻译为状语从句，等等。
Even so the lisbon government admitted in MARCH< !(&)< THAt a major attack had been launched by guerrillas who were armed with mortars and automatic weapons and who inflilcted "many" Portuguese casualties.
即便如此，1970年3月，里斯本政府仍然承认，配有迫击炮和自动武器的游击队已经发动了大规模的进攻，使葡萄牙人遭受"重大"伤亡。(定语+句子成分)
At one extreme are Hawii and Brazil, where racial intermixture is extensive and continuing, and where racial discrimination is relatively minor.
夏威夷和巴西处于一个极端，在那里，种族混杂广泛且持续存在，因此种族歧视较少。(并列句+状语从句)火龙果智能语法检测
He was also an old-line Stalinist who had spent 16 years in Hungarian jails in the interwar period and who was now unwilling to share authority with the "nationalist" Hungarian Communists.
作为一名老牌斯大林主义者，他在两次世界大战期间曾在匈牙利监狱里呆过16年，因此在这个时候他不愿意和“民族主义的”匈牙利共产党分享权力。
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